Difference between revisions of "Glossary"

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= About the Glossary =
Attribution scholarship, especially so-called "non-traditional" studies, typically relies on technical vocabulary. This page will provide glosses in plain language to demystify these unfamiliar terms and concepts.
 
Placeholder text about how attribution scholarship often uses highly technical language.
 
= Entries = {{tocright}}


== A ==
== A ==
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=== algorithm ===
=== algorithm ===
A set of logical instructions or mathematical rules used to perform calculations and problem-solving operations, typically by a computer.
A set of logical instructions or mathematical rules used to perform calculations and problem-solving operations, typically by a computer.
== C ==
=== closed-class words ===
A group or class of words to which new items are rarely added. Cf. [[#open-class_words|open-class words]].
=== content words ===
'''also lexical words''' A term for a group of [[#open-class_words|open-class words]] that supply the lexical content of a sentence, as opposed to words whose purpose is primarily or exclusively grammatical (i.e., [[#function_words|function words]]). Content words include adjectives and nouns, as well as most verbs and adverbs.
== F ==
=== function words ===
'''also grammatical words''' A term for a group of [[#closed-class_words|closed-class words]] that carry little, no, or ambiguous lexical meaning but otherwise express grammatical relationships among other words in a sentence. Function words in English typically include auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners (e.g. the definite and indefinite articles), particles, prepositions, pronouns, and some adverbs. Since they are essential to the structuring of sentences, function words are among the most frequently used words in written and spoken English. (Cf. [[#content_words|content words]].)
== G ==
=== grammatical words ===
See [[#function_words|function words]].
== L ==
=== lexical words ===
See [[#content_words|content words]].


== M ==
== M ==


=== machine learning ===
=== machine learning ===
A class of algorithm that analyse patterns and relationships in data to make determinations and predictions, using the outcomes of these operations to ''learn'' by iterations and improve future accuracy. Machine learning procedures may be ''supervised'', requiring human intervention to provide pre-defined examples with which to ''train'' the algorithm, or ''unsupervised'', where no human pre-processing of the data is required.
A class of [[#algorithm|algorithm]] that analyse patterns and relationships in data to make determinations and predictions, using the outcomes of these operations to ''learn'' by iterations and improve future accuracy. Machine learning procedures may be [[#supervised|supervised]], requiring human intervention to provide pre-defined examples with which to ''train'' the algorithm, or [[#unsupervised|unsupervised]], where no human pre-processing of the data is required.
 
== O ==
 
=== open-class words ===
A group or class of words that accepts the addition of new items. Cf. [[#closed-class_words|closed-class words]].
 
== S ==
 
=== supervised ===
In the context of machine learning and statistical analysis, an [[#algorithm|algorithm]] that requires human intervention to provide pre-defined examples with which to [[#training|train]] is said to be ''supervised''. In attribution study, a typical supervised procedure may [[#training|train]] an [[#algorithm|algorithm]] on a corpus comprising texts of known authorship to identify [[#feature|features]] with which to test others.
 


== T ==
== T ==
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=== text encoding ===
=== text encoding ===


A set of explicit instructions for the computational representation of text. Whereas a human reader of the text of Othello, for example, is familiar with the conventions distinguishing the word ''Othello'' as it functions as a title, a running header, a speech prefix, or as a reference to the character in stage directions and dialogue, a computer generally requires these distinctions to be made explicit. Textual encoding or "markup" involves annotating or "tagging" to define units of text (from individual letters to entire documents) into categories. Linguistic features (e.g. grammatical part of speech, syntactic function, and so on) are commonly tagged to support natural language processing, and structural features are used to distinguish elements of text and paratext (e.g. title, dialogue, speech prefix, stage direction, prologue). Other kinds of analysis may require additional categories, such as tagging gender or social status.
A set of explicit instructions for the computational representation of text. Whereas a human reader of the text of ''Othello'', for example, is familiar with the conventions distinguishing the word "Othello" as it functions as a title, a running header, a speech prefix, or as a reference to the character in stage directions and dialogue, a computer generally requires these distinctions to be made explicit. Textual encoding or "markup" involves annotating or "tagging" to define units of text (from individual letters to entire documents) into categories. Linguistic features (e.g. grammatical part of speech, syntactic function, and so on) are commonly tagged to support natural language processing, and structural features are used to distinguish elements of text and paratext (e.g. title, dialogue, speech prefix, stage direction, prologue). Other kinds of analysis may require additional categories, such as tagging gender or social status.


=== token ===
=== token ===


A concrete instance of a ''type''. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains six word-tokens (excluding punctuation): "came", "saw", "conquered", and three instances of "I".
A concrete instance of a [[#type|type]]. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains six word-tokens (excluding punctuation): "came", "saw", "conquered", and three instances of "I".


=== type ===
=== type ===


A unique form; cf. ''token''. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains four word-types (excluding punctuation): "I", "came", "saw", and "conquered".
A unique form; cf. [[#token|token]]. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains four word-types (excluding punctuation): "I", "came", "saw", and "conquered".
 
== U ==
 
=== unsupervised ===
 
In the context of machine learning and statistical analysis, an [[#algorithm|algorithm]] that requires no human intervention or pre-processing of the data is said to be ''unsupervised''. This way, the [[#algorithm|algorithm]] processes the data without bias. Principal Components Analysis is an example of a widely used unsupervised method.


== W ==
== W ==


=== word-token ===
=== word-token ===
See ''token''.
See [[#token|token]].


=== word-type ===
=== word-type ===
See ''type''.
See [[#type|type]].
 
----
Page created and maintained by Brett Greatley-Hirsch; updated 29 August 2021.
[[Category:Greatley-Hirsch, Brett]]
__NOTOC__

Latest revision as of 14:15, 6 April 2023

Attribution scholarship, especially so-called "non-traditional" studies, typically relies on technical vocabulary. This page will provide glosses in plain language to demystify these unfamiliar terms and concepts.

A[edit | edit source]

algorithm[edit | edit source]

A set of logical instructions or mathematical rules used to perform calculations and problem-solving operations, typically by a computer.

C[edit | edit source]

closed-class words[edit | edit source]

A group or class of words to which new items are rarely added. Cf. open-class words.

content words[edit | edit source]

also lexical words A term for a group of open-class words that supply the lexical content of a sentence, as opposed to words whose purpose is primarily or exclusively grammatical (i.e., function words). Content words include adjectives and nouns, as well as most verbs and adverbs.

F[edit | edit source]

function words[edit | edit source]

also grammatical words A term for a group of closed-class words that carry little, no, or ambiguous lexical meaning but otherwise express grammatical relationships among other words in a sentence. Function words in English typically include auxiliary verbs, conjunctions, determiners (e.g. the definite and indefinite articles), particles, prepositions, pronouns, and some adverbs. Since they are essential to the structuring of sentences, function words are among the most frequently used words in written and spoken English. (Cf. content words.)

G[edit | edit source]

grammatical words[edit | edit source]

See function words.

L[edit | edit source]

lexical words[edit | edit source]

See content words.

M[edit | edit source]

machine learning[edit | edit source]

A class of algorithm that analyse patterns and relationships in data to make determinations and predictions, using the outcomes of these operations to learn by iterations and improve future accuracy. Machine learning procedures may be supervised, requiring human intervention to provide pre-defined examples with which to train the algorithm, or unsupervised, where no human pre-processing of the data is required.

O[edit | edit source]

open-class words[edit | edit source]

A group or class of words that accepts the addition of new items. Cf. closed-class words.

S[edit | edit source]

supervised[edit | edit source]

In the context of machine learning and statistical analysis, an algorithm that requires human intervention to provide pre-defined examples with which to train is said to be supervised. In attribution study, a typical supervised procedure may train an algorithm on a corpus comprising texts of known authorship to identify features with which to test others.


T[edit | edit source]

text encoding[edit | edit source]

A set of explicit instructions for the computational representation of text. Whereas a human reader of the text of Othello, for example, is familiar with the conventions distinguishing the word "Othello" as it functions as a title, a running header, a speech prefix, or as a reference to the character in stage directions and dialogue, a computer generally requires these distinctions to be made explicit. Textual encoding or "markup" involves annotating or "tagging" to define units of text (from individual letters to entire documents) into categories. Linguistic features (e.g. grammatical part of speech, syntactic function, and so on) are commonly tagged to support natural language processing, and structural features are used to distinguish elements of text and paratext (e.g. title, dialogue, speech prefix, stage direction, prologue). Other kinds of analysis may require additional categories, such as tagging gender or social status.

token[edit | edit source]

A concrete instance of a type. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains six word-tokens (excluding punctuation): "came", "saw", "conquered", and three instances of "I".

type[edit | edit source]

A unique form; cf. token. "I came, I saw, I conquered", for example, contains four word-types (excluding punctuation): "I", "came", "saw", and "conquered".

U[edit | edit source]

unsupervised[edit | edit source]

In the context of machine learning and statistical analysis, an algorithm that requires no human intervention or pre-processing of the data is said to be unsupervised. This way, the algorithm processes the data without bias. Principal Components Analysis is an example of a widely used unsupervised method.

W[edit | edit source]

word-token[edit | edit source]

See token.

word-type[edit | edit source]

See type.



Page created and maintained by Brett Greatley-Hirsch; updated 29 August 2021.